The COVID-19 global pandemic has been going on for more than two years, during which time countries have taken various public global health measures to stop the widespread of the virus. Ensuring that individuals adhere to scientific prevention behaviors is critical to interrupting the spread of COVID-19. As the largest infectious disease in the social media era, COVID-19 has not only facilitated the spread of various useful information on social media platforms, but also spawned an explosion of conspiracy theories . Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 originating from abroad are widely disseminated on social media, which complicates the information environment on Chinese social media. Through analyzing data from an online survey, this study identified several key factors influencing COVID-19-related health behaviors in China. Conspiracy theories- COVID19 originated in a foreign country-contibuted to the adoption of health behaviors. In terms of social media platform use, WeChat and TikTok were associated with the adoption of health behaviors, while Weibo was not.Online bridging capital facilitated heath behaviors, but no such relationship was found for online bonding capital. In addition, when individuals are faced with a bewildering amount of information on social media, three factors amplify or diminish the effect of conspiracy theories on health behaviors. Wechat use and technological capabilities reduce the effect of conspiracy theories on health behaviors, and bonding capital amplifies the effect of conspiracy theories on health behaviors.This study discussed the theoretical and practical implications of social-cultural background, social capital, and media literacy in the context of Chinese health communication.